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European Green Crab

Scientific Name

Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) (ITIS)

Common Name

European green crab, shore crab, Joe rocker

Native To
Date of U.S. Introduction

1817 (East Coast); 1980s (West Coast) (Carlton and Cohen 2003)

Means of Introduction

Possibly through ballast water, hull fouling, or intentional releases (Carlton and Cohen 2003)

Impact

Severely impacts native bivalve and crustacean populations through predation and competition (See and Feist 2010)

Current U.S. Distribution

North Atlantic coast; Pacific Coast

European green crab
Image use policy

European green crab, adult

Credit

Photo by Caleb Siemmons; National Ecological Observatory Network

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Spotlights

  • Management Plan for the European Green Crab (Draft)

    • Jun 21, 2023
    • Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force.

    • The National European Green Crab (EGC) Management and Control Plan was developed by a multi-agency European Green Crab Working Group for implementation by the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force following final approval.

      The purpose of the 2023 EGC plan is to provide guidance for efforts to prevent future introductions, to rapidly detect and respond to new invasions of EGC before they become established and create ecological and economic damage, and to manage current populations that pose an undue threat to resources of importance for ecosystems and local cultures. The 2023 EGC plan proposes to update the 2002 plan by providing a more focused set of approaches for future management, based on significant changes in the distribution of EGC, new technologies available for identifying sources and mechanisms of spread, better information regarding the tradeoffs for different management efforts, and new methods for data management and sharing. The 2023 EGC plan also describes current strategies for coordinating the activities of scientists, resource agencies, Tribal and First Nation organizations, and other entities.

      Public Comment Period -- Written comments must be submitted on or before February 9, 2024. For more information, see the Federal Register notice Draft Revised National European Green Crab Management and Control Plan (Dec 26, 2023)

  • Washington State University Extension Helps Train Volunteers to Find Invasive Crab

    • Apr 21, 2023
    • Washington State University. WSU Insider.

    • A new program will enable anyone who walks the shorelines of Puget Sound to identify one of Washington state’s most concerning invasive species: European green crab.

      In response to this shore crab’s booming population, Washington State University Extension and Washington Sea Grant outreach specialists are rolling out the Molt Search program in May.

  • Emergency Measures Deployed to Control Invasive European Green Crabs in Washington Waters

    • Jun 17, 2022
    • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

    • Deployment of emergency measures to control invasive European green crabs on the Washington Coast and at sites within the Salish Sea is well underway, including the implementation of an Incident Command System (ICS) to facilitate statewide coordination between various agencies, tribes, and partners.

  • Governor of Washington Issues Green Crab Infestation Proclamation

    • Jan 19, 2022
    • Office of the Governor (Washington).

    • Washington Governor Jay Inslee has issued an emergency order [PDF, 174 KB] to address the exponential increase in the European green crab population within the Lummi Nation’s Sea Pond and outer coast areas. The European green crab is a globally-damaging invasive species that, if they become permanently established, will particularly harm endangered species, impact resources that are part of the cultural identity of the tribes and native peoples, and affect small businesses.

  • Green Crab Detected in Alaska for the First Time

    • Aug 24, 2022
    • DOC. NOAA. Fisheries.

    • The green crab is an invasive marine species spreading throughout the coastal waters of the United States. Efforts between NOAA Fisheries and Metlakatla Indian Community have been leading the way on monitoring to detect this species’ presence in Alaskan waters. The green crab has been found in U.S. waters since the 1800s, but this is the first confirmed presence in Alaska. They are a serious threat for Alaska’s tidal habitats.

      If you see an invasive green crab on Annette Islands Reserve, call (907) 886-FISH to make a report. If you encounter a potential green crab elsewhere in Alaska, take photographs from multiple angles and send them to Tammy Davis. Then submit a report to the Alaska Invasive Species Reporter, or call the Invasive Species Hotline: (877) INVASIV.

  • Invasive Green Crabs Pose Threat to Washington's Shellfish Industry and Tribal Culture

    • Mar 3, 2022
    • DOI. United States Geological Survey.

    • European green crabs are one of the most widespread invasive marine species on the planet, originally reaching Washington in 1996. When green crab populations grow too large, they compete with other shellfish, disturb the sediment, and destroy the eelgrass that is an important habitat for Dungeness crab and salmon. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is working to increase the effectiveness of Washington’s green crab early detection and rapid response program. Research conducted at the USGS' Western Fisheries Research Center aims to improve native shellfish habitat and limit the spread of European green crabs in coastal waters.

  • Live European Green Crabs Confiscated from Seafood Market; Species Remains Prohibited in Washington

    • Dec 29, 2022
    • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

    • In early December Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) Police received information that a Seattle market was selling live “green crabs”. The Seattle seller had bought the live green crabs from a seller in Massachusetts with the intention of selling them for crab stock and soup. The crabs were destroyed by WDFW Police officers.

  • Invasive Green Crabs Spreading on US West Coast Despite Lack of Genetic Diversity

    • Oct 6, 2021
    • National Science Foundation.

    • The green crab, Carcinus maenas, is a widely distributed invasive species that eventually alters its new environment. It's assumed that such species have high genetic diversity, or a variety of characteristics allowing them to adapt and thrive. But the green crab has low genetic diversity, while still spreading rapidly in a new part of the world. A U.S. National Science Foundation-funded study led by Carolyn Tepolot of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is investigating the adaptive mechanisms of the green crab along the west coast of North America, where it has shown extensive dispersal in the last decade despite minimal genetic diversity. The results are published in Molecular Ecology. The project is a collaboration among scientists at WHOI, Portland State University, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and the University of California, Davis.

Videos

Selected Resources

The section below contains highly relevant resources for this species, organized by source.

Council or Task Force
Partnership
Federal Government
International Government
State and Local Government
Academic
Citations